Dɛn Nti na Ɛyɛ Den sɛ Wobenya Ɛlektrɔnik Mfiri nketewa a Wɔyɛ?

Atwerɛ

April 11, 2021

Hardware akuw dodow no ara de mfonini ahorow akɔma adwumayɛbea ahorow anum na wɔate afi abien hɔ. Ɔhaw no ntaa nyɛ ade no — ɛyɛ sɛ nneɛma nketenkete a wɔkra no nhyia ɛka nhyehyɛe a wɔkyekyee adwuma no twaa ho hyiae no.

Wɔ Pow a Ɛdɔɔso akyi no, Ɔhaw no Gyae sɛ Ɛyɛ Wo de

Osuahu no abu so araa ma ɛyɛ nhwɛsode: wɔawie mfonini ahorow no, wɔawie BOM no, na nsɛmbisa no kɔ adwumayɛbea anum. Nnipa baanu mmua da. Mmienu ka bo a wɔhwɛ kwan no mmɔho abiɛsa. Nea ɛto so anum no bisa sɛ ebia wubetumi ayɛ mpem anum mmom anaa. Saa bere no akuw dodow no ara fa no sɛ wɔn nhyehyɛe no sua dodo kɛkɛ. Ɛyɛ — nanso ɛnyɛ ketewa na ɛde ba, ɛyɛ sɛnkyerɛnne no. Nneɛma nketenkete a wɔkra no da sɛnea wɔyɛɛ adwumayɛbea bi ka nhyehyɛe no adi.

Wɔahyehyɛ ɛlɛtrɔnik mfiri a wɔyɛ ho bo a ɛtwa mmirikatu akɛse ho hyia. Ɛsɛ sɛ wosiesie stencils, fixtures, test programs ne material batches nyinaa, na ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ahosiesie ho ka no ne order size nni hwee yɛ. Adwumayɛbea a ɛde board mpem ɔha di dwuma ɔsram biara a wonya ahyɛde a ɛyɛ aduonum no de nhyehyɛe ho ka koro no ara ma nea wɔyɛ no fã ketewaa bi. Ɛde ɛka no nyinaa gu wo so anaasɛ ɛso tew. Ɛno nyɛ suban; wɔannyɛ afiri no sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a wotumi gyina saa abodwokyɛre yi so da.

Nneɛma a Wɔde Di Dwuma Yɛ Den Sene Nnwinnade

BOM a ɛwɔ line nneɛma ɔhaha kakraa bi yɛ ɔhaha kakraa bi a ɛde ne ho a ɛde nneɛma ma. Wobetumi ayɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛkra nneɛma akɛse atia nea ɔyɛe no nhyehyɛe a ɛne sɛ wɔbɛyɛ nneɛma no na wɔatoto mu adapɛn abien. Mpɛn pii no ɛsɛ sɛ wɔtɔ nneɛma nketenkete a wɔkra no asinasin fi wɔn a wɔkyekyɛ no hɔ — nneɛma bo a ɛkɔ soro, afrafra, baabi a efi a ɛnyɛ nea ɛda adi pefee. Nneɛma a ɛyɛ fɛre ade ne afã horow a ɛwɔ kɔbere tenten no: controller titiriw, tumi a wɔde di dwuma, memory, ne mfiri biara a wɔayi no adi foforo a obiara pɛ prɛko pɛ. Ɛnonom ne nea ɛma nhyehyɛe bi gyina.

Kit rate yɛ nɔma a ɛyɛ den wɔ adwumayɛbea bi mu. Ɛsusu sɛnea BOM bi aba no de toto nhyehyɛe a wɔayɛ no ho. BOM a ɛyɛ ɔha biara mu aduɔkron akron da so ara kyerɛ sɛ nneɛma abiɛsa yɛ tiaa; sɛ wɔn mu biako yɛ power chip no a, line no gyae. Wɔ adetɔfo no fam no, nhama a wɔagyae no kyerɛ da a wɔde bɛkyɛ, na da a ɛkyɛ no taa yɛ adwuma no nhyehyɛe a abubu. Small-batch orders yɛ soronko sensitive wɔ eyi ho efisɛ order no sua dodo sɛ ɛbɛtwetwe da koro idle line cost.

Factories a Wɔgye Nneɛma nketewa a Wɔkra no Yɛ Adwuma wɔ Ɔkwan soronko so

Yɛn adwumayɛbea no ama nneɛma a wɔadi afra ne nea ɛyɛ kakraa bi ayɛ n’adwuma titiriw, na nea ɛyɛ no mu dodow no ara ne adwumayɛbea a ɛyɛ adwuma pii bɔ abira. SMT line koro no ara gye ahoɔhare kɛse a wɔyɛ no mmirikatu ne aduonum-board engineering nhwɛsode nyinaa, na nsakrae ho ka no twetwe denam n’ankasa order density so. Wɔnam akwan a ɛfata so tɔ nneɛma na wɔhwehwɛ mu ansa na wɔayi no adi akɔ line no so, efisɛ afã horow a ɛyɛ atoro ne nea wɔagye no yɛ adwuma a ɛnyɛ. Sampling, pilot runs ne volume production nyinaa te adwumayɛbea baako mu, enti process parameters ne quality standards kɔ so yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ stages nyinaa mu sen sɛ ɛbɛtwetwe.

Eyi mu biara nni hɔ a ɛte sɛ nea ɛkɔ anim, nanso ade biara soa ɛka bi. Sɛ wokura nneɛma a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ stock mu a, ɛkyekyere kapital na awiei koraa no ɛma wonya nneɛma a wɔakora so a ne bere atwam. Nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ a wɔde tu mmirika wɔ fifty-board order so no nyɛ adwuma yiye. Closed-loop production kyerɛ sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ adwumayɛbea no yɛ adan no, nnwinnadeɛ ne nnipa no wura. Sɛ wɔyɛ abiɛsa no nyinaa bere nyinaa a, ɛka sɛ wobu adwuma nketewa no sɛ adwuma ankasa, na ɛnyɛ adɔe.

Dɛn na Batch Ketekete Bi Retɔ Ankasa

Wɔ kuw ketewa bi fam no, bo a ɛsom wɔ batch ketewa bi so no nkɔɔ unit bo nkutoo mu da. Ɛtɔ nneɛma abiɛsa: mmuae a ɛyɛ pintinn, huammɔdi a wotumi di so, ne nhyehyɛe a ɛnsɛ sɛ obiara to kyakya wɔ ho. Sɛ wode board aduonum yɛ design assumption a ɛyɛ nokware a, ne bo yɛ mmerɛw sen sɛ wode mpem anum bɛtow kyakya wɔ guess bi so. Ɔhaw ahorow ba ntɛmntɛm wɔ ɛnne a ɛba fam mu, ɔtopae no kwan sua, na nteɛso ahorow no bo yɛ den. Na ntease wɔ volume production mu bere a small-batch stage no awie mfomso ahorow no akyi nkutoo.

Enti sɛ worepaw EMS hokafo a, ɛbo ho hia, nanso nhwehwɛmu a mfaso wɔ so kɛse ne sɛ ebia adwumayɛbea no yɛ adwuma wɔ akuw nketewa mu ampa: sɛ ebia wɔde nneɛma a wɔtaa de di dwuma no asie, sɛ ebia wɔde nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ no di dwuma wɔ ahyɛde a ɛwɔ board aduonum so, ne sɛ ebia nnipa koro no ara a wɔwɔ parameters koro no ara na wɔyɛ sampling ne volume production. Saa nsɛm no na esi gyinae sɛ ebia nea ɛto so abien ne abiɛsa a wɔkra no kɔ so yiye anaa. Wobetumi afa yɛn wɛbsaet no so de mfonini anaa nhwɛsode ahwehwɛde amena, na wɔtaa de ano aduru ne nsɛm a wɔafa aka asan aba wɔ nnɔnhwerew aduonu anan mu.

Nnɔmba a Ɛwɔ Quote So a Wɔasiesie Ankasa

Kenkan small-batch quote line by line na ɛkyekyɛ mu yɛ no nɔma ahorow abiɛsa. Engineering ne stencil fees, fixture cost ne test programming yɛ pɛnkoro ankasa: tua pɛnkoro na wɔayera. Nneɛma ne PCB ka yɛ nsakrae na ɛkɔ ne gua so bo ne dodow mu ahomegye. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa no hintaw wɔ baabi a wotumi hu no pefee — per-board loading of overhead. Wobu saa dodow no fi dodow a wosusuw sɛ ɛyɛ, na sɛ wo nhyehyɛe ankasa yɛ nea wosusuwii no nkyem du mu biako a, adesoa no ma ɛyɛ kɛse sɛnea ɛfata. Adwene a enhyia dodow no ara wɔ asɛm bi a wɔafa aka ho no yɛ adwene a enhyia ankasa wɔ saa denominator no ho.

Asɛmmisa a mfaso wɔ so a ɛsɛ sɛ wobisa ne nea ɛbɛsakra sɛ nhyehyɛe no nyin kodu ahanu anaa apem a. Sɛ mmuae no yɛ unit bo a ɛba fam kɛse a nsakrae biara nni nneɛma a wɔde di dwuma pɛnkoro no mu a, wɔahyehyɛ asɛm a wɔafa aka no nokwarem. Sɛ nea ɔde nneɛma ma no pɛ sɛ ɔsan ka mfiridwuma ho ka wɔ dodow a ɛkɔ soro so a, na wɔde nɔma no ahyɛ mu. Yɛn quotations no abubu mu enti ɔfã a ɛyɛ pɛnkoro no da adi wɔ n’ankasa line so: wubetumi ahu nea woretua pɛnkoro, nea woretua wɔ board biara ho, ne nea ɛyera bere a ahyɛde no nyin no.

Ka a Ahintaw a Wɔbɔ wɔ Ɔkra Ketekete Ho no Yɛ Nhyehyɛe, Na Ɛnyɛ Bo

Wobetumi ayɛ nkitahodi wɔ quote a ne bo yɛ den ho. Da a wontumi nhu ntumi nyɛ saa. Hardware akuw taa de wɔn nhyehyɛe no hyɛ demo, aguadi ho ɔyɛkyerɛ, anaa da a wɔahyɛ bɔ dedaw ama adetɔfo bi so, na dapɛn biara manufacturing slips twetwe software hardening, industrial design ne marketing prep ka ho. Nea enye koraa sen akyɛde no ne nsɛm a emu nna hɔ no: sɛ obi a ɔde nneɛma ma ka sɛ bɛyɛ adapɛn abien a, obiara nni akokoduru mfi adwuma a edi hɔ no ase, na adwuma no yɛ adwuma kwa wɔ twɛn no mu.

Nneɛma nketenkete a wɔkra no yɛ nea ɛyɛ soronko wɔ eyi ho efisɛ ɛtaa yɛ ahyɛde ahorow a wɔde hwɛ sɛ ɛyɛ nokware. Nsɛm a wɔde ba awiei fi mmirikatu a edi kan no mu na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia ɛnne no bedi akyi, enti kuw no hwɛ biribiara a ɛkɔ akyiri. Adwumayɛbea bi a wɔde ahyɛde a wɔde ahyɛde aduonum ahyɛ ntonto mu wɔ board mpem anum mmirikatu akyi no de wo nhyehyɛe no ahyɛ obi foforo nsa.

Nsɛmmisa abiɛsa da no adi sɛ ebia adwumayɛbea bi de nneɛma nketenkete di dwuma ankasa: so nneɛma a wɔtaa de sie wɔ stock mu, so nhwehwɛmu nnidiso nnidiso a edi mũ no yɛ adwuma wɔ ahyɛde a ɛwɔ board aduonum so, na so sampling ne volume production de nnipa koro no ara ne parameters koro no ara di dwuma. Sɛ mmuae abiɛsa no nyinaa yɛ yiw a, ɛfata sɛ wɔde da a wɔde bɛma wɔ apam no mu; sɛ mmuae biara ne sɛ egyina so a, kyekye buffer wɔ nhyehyɛe no mu.