• Naija

  Oil, gas and cement: Africa's biggest economy and its industrial engine

• United States

  The world's second-largest industrial economy, led by semiconductors, aerospace and advanced manufacturing

• United Kingdom

  A high-value industrial base: aerospace, pharmaceuticals and advanced engineering

• Canada

  A resource-rich industrial economy with strong refining, automotive and aerospace clusters

• Australia

  A resources-led industrial economy: iron ore, LNG, lithium and critical minerals

• Ireland

  A pharmaceutical and electronics manufacturing hub serving the EU market

• Czech Republic

  Central Europe's industrial powerhouse: automotive, machinery and precision engineering

• Singapore

  Asia's high-density manufacturing hub: electronics, chemicals and biomedical production

• Mongolia

  Copper, coal and cashmere: a mineral-driven industrial base in the Gobi

• Kazakhstan

  Central Asia's largest economy: oil and gas, metallurgy and uranium

• Uzbekistan

  Automotive, textiles and gold: Central Asia's manufacturing hub

• Kyrgyzstan

  Gold mining, hydropower and agro-processing in the Tien Shan

• Tajikistan

  Aluminium smelting and hydropower on the Vakhsh cascade

• Turkmenistan

  One of the world's largest natural-gas and fertiliser producers

• Israel

  Semiconductors, electronics, pharmaceuticals and defence equipment

• Georgia

  Wine, ferroalloys and construction materials on the Black Sea

• Armenia

  Copper and molybdenum, brandy and precision manufacturing

• Azerbaijan

  Caspian oil and gas, refining and petrochemicals

• New Zealand

  Dairy, wood products, aluminium and machinery on a hydro-powered base

• Papua New Guinea

  Gold, copper and LNG: a resource economy with a narrow manufacturing base

• Fiji

  Sugar, garments, beverages and gold: the Pacific's most industrialised island economy

• Solomon Islands

  Timber, tuna processing and palm oil from the Western Pacific

• Vanuatu

  Copra, beef and tourism-linked construction in the New Hebrides

• Samoa

  Automotive wiring harnesses, coconut products and beverages

• Tonga

  Squash pumpkin, fisheries and vanilla from the Friendly Islands

• Marshall Islands

  Tuna transshipment, copra and construction across the atolls

• Kiribati

  Fishing licences, copra and climate-resilience works

• Micronesia

  Tuna transshipment, fish processing and public infrastructure

• Palau

  Tourism-linked construction, fishing and small food processing

• Nauru

  Phosphate mining, fishing licence revenue and public services

• Tuvalu

  Fishing licence revenue, copra and climate-resilience works

• Cook Islands

  Black pearls, tuna and tourism-linked construction

• Niue

  Fishing, noni and vanilla processing and public works

• Greenland

  Cold-water shrimp, halibut and mineral exploration in the Arctic

• Bermuda

  Tourism-linked construction, ship repair and specialty manufacturing

• Saint Pierre and Miquelon

  Fishing, fish processing, shipbuilding and aquaculture

• Guatemala

  Central America's largest economy: sugar, coffee, textiles and gold

• Belize

  Sugar, citrus and seafood from the Caribbean coast of Central America

• El Salvador

  Textiles, food processing and chemicals in the San Salvador corridor

• Honduras

  Apparel assembly, food processing and cement in the Cortes valleys

• Nicaragua

  Apparel assembly, food processing and beverages around Managua

• Costa Rica

  Medical devices and electronics lead Central America's most diversified base

• Panama

  Construction, logistics-linked assembly and food processing

• Cuba

  Sugar, nickel and cobalt, cigars, refining and biopharmaceuticals

• Dominican Republic

  Free-zone manufacturing, gold mining and construction in the Caribbean's largest economy

• Haiti

  Apparel assembly, food processing and essential oils

• Jamaica

  Bauxite and alumina, food processing, beverages and cement

• Trinidad and Tobago

  Oil, gas, LNG, methanol, ammonia and steel at Point Lisas

• Barbados

  Food and beverages, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and construction

• Bahamas

  Tourism-linked construction, oil transshipment and beverages

• Grenada

  Nutmeg and spice processing, beverages and tourism-linked construction

• Saint Lucia

  Food and beverages, electronics assembly and construction

• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

  Food processing, agriculture-linked manufacturing and construction

• Antigua and Barbuda

  Tourism-linked construction, boat building and beverages

• Saint Kitts and Nevis

  Tourism-linked construction, light assembly and beverages

• Dominica

  Food processing, soap and essential oils and beverages

• Argentina

  Automotive, food processing, steel and petrochemicals in the Pampas corridor

• Bolivia

  Natural gas, mining and food processing in the Andean highlands

• Brazil

  Latin America's largest industrial base: automotive, aerospace, steel and food

• Chile

  Copper mining and smelting, aquaculture, forestry and lithium

• Colombia

  Refining, food processing, textiles and cement in the Andes

• Ecuador

  Oil refining, shrimp and cocoa processing, and cement

• Guyana

  Offshore oil and gold dominate, with a still-small manufacturing base

• Paraguay

  Soybean and beef processing, cheap hydropower and textiles

• Peru

  Copper and gold mining, fishmeal and agro-exports

• Suriname

  Gold mining, oil and food processing on the Guiana Shield

• Uruguay

  Beef and dairy processing, pulp and paper, and beverages

• Venezuela

  Oil refining, aluminium and steel, and agro-processing

• French Guiana

  Space launch, gold mining, forestry and coastal food processing

• Puerto Rico

  Pharmaceuticals, medical devices, electronics and rum

• Namibia

  uranium and diamond mining, fish processing, meat and beverages and construction materials

• South Sudan

  crude oil production, public infrastructure construction, sorghum and sesame processing and livestock

• Zambia

  copper mining and smelting, cement, sugar and maize milling and beverages

• Afghanistan

  Carpets, agri-processing and minerals: a small, agriculture-linked industrial base

• Pakistan

  Textiles and apparel, agri-processing and engineering: South Asia's second-largest industrial base

• Albania

  hydropower, chromium and copper mining, cement, food processing, footwear, leather goods and textiles

• Bosnia and Herzegovina

  metal processing and steel, automotive components, wood and furniture, energy and mining

• Bulgaria

  automotive components, electronics and electrical engineering, food processing, chemicals, metals and mining

• Bhutan

  hydropower and electricity exports, cement and building materials, ferroalloys, mineral mining, agro-processing and tourism

• Botswana

  diamond mining and cutting, copper and nickel, soda ash and salt, beef processing, coal and power

• Cyprus

  shipping and maritime services, tourism, financial services, food processing, energy and construction

• Denmark

  pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, wind energy, machinery, food processing, shipping and maritime services

• Estonia

  information technology, electronics and electrical equipment, wood processing, machinery and oil shale

• Ethiopia

  coffee and oilseed processing, textiles and garments, leather goods, cement and beverages, floriculture

• Finland

  forestry and paper, machinery and metalworking, electronics, shipbuilding, chemicals and clean technology

• Greece

  shipping and maritime transport, tourism, food processing, energy, chemicals and building materials

• Croatia

  tourism and hospitality, shipbuilding, food processing, pharmaceuticals, wood products and oil refining

• Hungary

  automotive assembly and components, electronics and electrical engineering, pharmaceuticals, machinery, chemicals and food processing

• Iceland

  fisheries and seafood processing, aluminium smelting, geothermal energy, tourism, software and life sciences

• Kenya

  tea and coffee processing, horticulture and cut flowers, cement, food and beverages, apparel and assembly

• Cambodia

  garments and footwear, travel goods and bicycles, construction, rice and rubber, tourism

• Laos

  hydropower and electricity, copper and gold mining, cement and construction materials, beverages and food processing, garments and textiles

• Sri Lanka

  tea and spices, apparel and textiles, rubber products, cement and construction materials, coconut and food processing

• Lesotho

  apparel and textiles, water exports and hydropower, diamond mining, wool and mohair, construction

• Lithuania

  food and beverage processing, furniture and wood products, chemicals and plastics, lasers and photonics, oil refining

• Latvia

  wood and forestry products, food and beverage processing, metalworking and machinery, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, transport and logistics

• Moldova

  food and beverage processing, wine making, textiles and apparel, automotive wiring and components, building materials

• Montenegro

  tourism and hospitality, hydropower and electricity, aluminium and metals, agriculture and food processing, construction

• North Macedonia

  automotive components, metals and steel, textiles and apparel, food, wine and tobacco, chemicals and pharmaceuticals

• Myanmar

  natural gas and pipelines, jade and gemstones, garments and textiles, cement and construction materials, rice and food processing

• Malta

  electronics and semiconductors, pharmaceuticals and life sciences, financial and gaming services, tourism, aviation and maritime services

• Mauritius

  sugar and molasses, textile and apparel manufacturing, tourism, financial and business services, seafood and light industry

• Maldives

  tourism and resort construction, tuna fishing and processing, boatbuilding, power and desalination, cement and building materials

• Malawi

  tobacco, tea and sugar processing, cement and construction materials, beverages and food processing, agro-processing

• Nepal

  hydropower and electricity, cement and construction materials, tea and coffee, carpets and pashmina, food and beverages

• Philippines

  electronics and semiconductors, nickel and copper mining, food and beverage processing, cement and construction materials, shipbuilding and marine

• Romania

  automotive assembly and components, machinery, electronics, steel, refined petroleum and IT services

• Serbia

  automotive components, base metals and mining, food processing, machinery, chemicals and rubber

• Rwanda

  coffee, tea, tin tantalum and tungsten mining, cement and construction materials, beverages and agro-processing

• Seychelles

  tourism and hospitality, tuna fishing and canning, beverages and food processing, construction and building materials, offshore financial services

• Sweden

  automotive and heavy vehicles, industrial machinery, forestry and paper, mining, telecom equipment

• Slovenia

  automotive components, pharmaceuticals, household appliances, machinery and metalworking, wood products and logistics

• Slovakia

  automotive assembly and components, consumer electronics, steel, machinery and engineering, chemicals and plastics

• Eswatini

  sugar and ethanol, soft drink concentrate, textiles and apparel, forestry and wood pulp, coal and quarrying

• Tanzania

  gold and tanzanite mining, agriculture and agro-processing, cement and construction materials, beverages and food processing, natural gas and power

• Ukraine

  agriculture and food processing, iron and steel, heavy machinery, IT services and defence

• Uganda

  coffee, oil and gas, cement and construction materials, beverages and food processing, sugar and agro-processing

• Kosovo

  lead-zinc and nickel mining, lignite power generation, construction materials, agriculture and retail trade

• South Africa

  platinum and gold mining, automotive and components, chemicals and petrochemicals, steel and metal fabrication, food and beverages

• Zimbabwe

  gold mining, platinum and chrome, tobacco, cement and construction materials, food and beverages