Diesel akyi: Owia-Plus-Battery Hybrid Backup wɔ Afrika mmeae a Ɛnyɛ Grid

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Ɔberɛfɛw da 8, afe 2019

Mmeae a ɛnyɛ anyinam ahoɔden a ɛwɔ Nigeria atifi fam, Niger, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ethiopia ne Turkana no de diesel na ɛyɛ adwuma, na pɛtro ho ka, akwantu ne korɔnbɔ di OPEX no fã kɛse no ara. Saa asɛm yi ka topology abiɛsa no ho asɛm na sɛ emu biara fa ho a, battery nkwa ankasa wɔ da biara da cycling ase, underrated dust variable, ne payback formula a ɛwɔ inputs anan a wubetumi asusuw wɔ site no so.

Da Bi a Wɔbɛkɔ Beae a Ɛnyɛ Grid

Wɔ Kano ne Kaduna a ɛwɔ Nigeria atifi fam, wɔ Niger nkuraase, Mali ne Burkina Faso, wɔ Ethiopia mmepɔw so, wɔ Kenya Turkana mantam a ɛso yɛ kusuu ne Zambia amantam a ɛwɔ akyirikyiri no, da a wɔtaa de di dwuma no tu mmirika te sɛ eyi: diesel afiri a ɛma anyinam ahoɔden no fi ase ansa na ade asa na ɛkɔ anadwo a ɛde adesoa a ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 1 kosi 3kW kɔ ɛdum anadwo baako na battery no de baseband ne transmission kɔ; awiabere no batere no kɔ so fa beae no kosi anwummere, na sɛ ɛba sɛ grid no mu ahoɔden bɛda adi nnɔnhwerew kakraa bi nkutoo a, na ɛbɔ. Ɛnyɛ generator no ankasa na ɔhaw no na mmom ɛka abiɛsa a ahintaw: pɛtro a wɔde bɛkɔ beae a wɔyɛ adwuma no, a baabi a wohia moto anaa yoma a wɔde fa nneɛma no betumi aboro pɔmpɛ bo no mmɔho abien; pɛtro a wowia, a wɔ mmeae bi no, ɛyɛ 10% kosi 30% wɔ dodow a wɔatɔ no mu; ne nsiesie ne nsiesie a wɔde tua ho ka denam dɔnhwerew a wɔde tu mmirika so. Owia ahoɔden botaeɛ nyɛ nneɛma a atwa yɛn ho ahyia — ɛyɛ sɛ ɛbɛyi awia adesoa afiri generator no so na atwa ɛka mmiɛnsa no nyinaa so tẽẽ.

Topology Abiɛsa a Wɔpaw Mu

Owia ahoɔden a wɔde afrafra nyɛ adwini biako na mmom abiɛsa, na sɛ wopaw wɔ ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ so a, ɛma akatua no mmɔho abien. Nea edi kan ne solar plus battery plus diesel standby, a wɔsan frɛ no solar-priority: PV som adesoa na ɛbɔ battery no awiabere, ɛtew so bere a battery no ayɛ ma pɛ, na diesel fi ase bere a mununkum akata so akyɛ anaasɛ battery no asa akyi nkutoo. Ɛtew generator nnɔnhwerew so na ɛfata mmeae a afe afe mframa pa ne adesoa a ɛyɛ awiabere — adesoa a wɔtaa paw wɔ Afrika Sahara anafo fam. Nea ɛtɔ so mmienu no yɛ diesel-primary a owia boa, baabi a PV soa adesoa no fã bi pɛ, mpɛn pii no 30% kɔsi 50%, na generator no yɛ adwuma sɛdeɛ na ɛteɛ kane no wɔ pɛtro a wɔde di dwuma a ɛba fam mu. Ɛnyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛsan asiesie na ne bo nyɛ den wɔ kapital mu, na ɛfata nnesoa akɛse anaa mmeae a ɛwɔ generator foforo koraa. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa no yɛ owia ahoɔden a ɛho tew a ɛka ho ne battery a enni generator koraa, ɛyɛ adwuma wɔ baabi a adesoa no nnu 500W nkutoo na wogye tom sɛ asiane a ɛwɔ mununkum mu nnansa. Adeɛ a ɛsi gyinaeɛ wɔ mmiɛnsa no nyinaa mu no nyɛ irradiance resource na mmom sɛdeɛ adesoa curve no kata owia curve no so yie: overlap a ɛkorɔn fa nea ɛdi kan no ho, low overlap ma deɛ ɛtɔ so mmienu no yɛ nea ahotɔ wɔ.

Battery Nkwa Ankasa Wɔ Daa Sakraman Ase

Wɔ owia afrafra mu no battery no wie kyinhyia a edi mũ da biara, a ɛnyɛ hwee te sɛ float standby na ɛyɛ baabi a nnwuma pii di nkogu — wɔkyerɛ float battery na wɔsesa wɔ mfe abien mu. Nneɛma a wɔpaw no gyina akontaabu abiɛsa so, na ɛnyɛ sɛnea wɔde din krataa no tumi kyerɛw. Nea edi kan no, kyinhyia nkwa, ne titiriw kyinhyia nkwa wɔ bun a wɔakyerɛ sɛ nsuo gu mu; owia nhyehyɛe taa tu mmirika wɔ 50% kosi 70% DOD, enti bisa data wɔ saa band no mu. Nea ɛto so abien, charge a wogye tom: PV charging tumi gu ahorow wɔ irradiance mu, current sua anɔpa ne awiabere, na sɛ ebia battery no betumi agye yiye wɔ current a ɛba fam mu no na ɛkyerɛ ahoɔden a ɛbɛsan anya da biara da. Lead-carbon series (LLC, 300–1,000Ah, asia models) de cycle nkwa nna mmɔho anan kosi anum ma amanne kwan so ade wɔ PSoC adwuma mu a bɛyɛ 30% a eye kyɛn so charge gye, na wɔayɛ ama eyi pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa, ɔhyew a ɛkɔ soro nneyɛe: kabinet mu hyew a ɛboro 40°C yɛ ade a wɔyɛ daa wɔ Afrika, enti ɛsɛ sɛ wɔteɛteɛ kyinhyia asetra ma ɔhyew. Deep-cycle series (FTC, 100–170Ah, 1,500 cycles anaa nea ɛboro saa) nso yɛ nnyigyei a wɔpaw wɔ tumi ketewa ne mfinimfini.

Mfutuma: Nsakrae a Wɔmfa Ntoto Ho

Wɔ Sahel ne Afrika Apuei fam a ɛhɔ yɛ kusuu no nyinaa no, wobu mfutuma adewa koraa. Nea edi kan no, efĩ: mfutuma biara a ɛwɔ ahwehwɛ no so no brɛ nsu a ɛkɔ nipadua no mu no ase ɔha biara mu nkyem pii, na sɛ mfutuma ahum akyi no, wobetumi akata nhyehyɛe no so kɛse a ɛbɛma nea efi mu ba no so atew fã. Wɔ Niger, Mali ne Chad no, sɛ wohuruw ahotew a, ebetumi agye bɛboro 20% wɔ afe afe aba no mu. Nea ɛto so abien, ɔhyew: mfutuma a ɛwɔ akyi krataa no so no siw ɔhyew a wɔpow no kwan, ɛma nkwammoaa no hyew kɔ soro na ɛma wotwitwa no yiye, na ɛma adehwere no yɛ kɛse. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa, mfiri ne anyinam ahoɔden: mfutuma a ɛhyɛn junction boxes ne connectors mu no ma contact ne arc asiane a enye ba, na mfutuma a ɛwɔ inverter mframa akwan mu no siw onwini ano. Nsusuwii mmuae anan di akyi: ma array tilt nkɔ soro sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a mfutuma bɛbɔ anaasɛ ɛhohoro ntɛmntɛm; kyerɛ junction boxes ne connectors a ɛwɔ ingress rating a ɛkorɔn; fa inverters a ɛyɛ nwini fi abɔde mu di dwuma anaasɛ fa mfutuma a wɔde yiyi mu di dwuma na fa ka ɔkwan a wɔfa so hwɛ nneɛma no ho; na wɔde ahotew ahyɛ O&M apam no mu a mpɛn dodow a wɔakyerɛkyerɛ mu — ɔsram biara wɔ mfutuma bere mu, asram abiɛsa biara sɛ ɛnte saa a — sen sɛ ‘sɛnea wɔhwehwɛ’.

Akontaabu a Wɔde Bu Katua

Payback nhia model a ɛyɛ den biara, inputs anan pɛ, na wobetumi asusuw anan no nyinaa wɔ site no. Nea edi kan no, mprempren afe afe diesel ho ka: sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, da biara da a wɔde di dwuma wɔ lita mu × 365 × pɛtro bo a wɔde kɔma a akwantu ka ho. Fa bo a wɔde ama no di dwuma, na ɛnyɛ jetty bo no. Nea ɛto so abien, diesel ho ka a wɔsan yɛ no akyi: nsenia denam nnɔnhwerew a generator tu mmirika no so tew so, a wɔ owia ahoɔden a wɔde di kan ho nhyehyɛe ahorow mu no, ɛtaa yɛ 20% kosi 40% wɔ mfitiase de no mu. Nea ɛtɔ so mmiɛnsa, afe afe PV aba: array tumi wɔ kWp × local equivalent peak owia nnɔnhwerew × 365 × nhyehyɛe no yiyedi a ɛyɛ 0.75 kosi 0.8 × efĩ ne degradation factor a ɛyɛ 0.85 kosi 0.9. Nea ɛtɔ so nnan, sika a wɔde bɛto mu nyinaa a modules, mounting, controller, battery, transport ne installation ka ho. Akatua = sika a wɔde asie ÷ (afe afe diesel ho ka a wɔbɔ ansa na wɔasan ayɛ no − afe afe diesel ho ka a wɔbɔ wɔ akyi − afe afe nsiesie ho ka). Nea wɔtaa ka ho asɛm boro so ne nea ɛto so abiɛsa: nkurɔfo de owia nnɔnhwerew a ɛfata di dwuma na wɔn werɛ fi efĩ ne nneɛma a wɔsɛe no. Fa conservative coefficients no na payback a wobu ho akontaa no yɛ nea wobetumi de ama ankasa.

Array ne Battery no a wɔbɛbom ayɛ no kɛse

Mfomso abien a ɛtaa ba wɔ owia ahoɔden a wɔde afrafra nhyehyɛe mu ne batere a ne kɛse sua ne batere a ne kɛse sua, na ɛtaa bom ba. Nnyinasosɛm no ne sɛ wɔbɛfa bere a mununkum ayɛ no sɛ anohyeto ne da biara da ahoɔden a ɛkari pɛ sɛ botae, wɔ anammɔn abiɛsa mu. Nea edi kan, da biara da a wɔde di dwuma: adesoa wɔ kW × nnɔnhwerew 24, a wɔabu ho akontaa wɔ ɔkwan soronko so wɔ baabi a ɛsono adesoa awia ne anadwo. Nea ɛto so abien, sɛ wɔkyekyem pɛpɛɛpɛ a, PV aba a ɛba da biara da: array tumi wɔ kWp × owia nnɔnhwerew a ɛsen biara a ɛne no sɛ × nhyehyɛe no mu mmɔdenbɔ a ɛyɛ 0.75 kosi 0.8 × efĩ factor a ɛyɛ 0.85. Ɛsɛ sɛ saa aba no boro nea wɔde di dwuma da biara da no so, mpɛn pii no ɛwɔ 20% kosi 30% ti a wɔde bɛkata mmere mu nsakrae, module a wɔsɛe no ne sunsuma a ɛba bere ne bere mu so. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa, batere ahoɔden: da biara da a wɔde di dwuma × nna a mununkum wɔ ÷ nsu a emu dɔ, a nna a mununkum wom a wɔfa fii mpɔtam hɔ wim tebea ho kyerɛwtohɔ mu — abien kosi abiɛsa wɔ Sahel, biako bio wɔ Afrika Apuei fam mmepɔw so. Wɔ anammɔn abiɛsa no akyi no, tu mmirika kɔ akyi hwɛ: wɔ bere a mununkum a ɛware sen biara no awiei no, ɛnsɛ sɛ battery ahoɔden a aka no kɔ fam sen 20%, anyɛ saa a generator a efi ase no bɛkɔ soro kɛse na hybrid no sikasɛm ayera. Wɔtaa huruw saa check no so, nanso ɛno nkutoo ne ade a ɛyɛ den a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia ratio no yɛ nea ɛfata anaa. Ade foforo biako a wɔtaa hwere ne array tilt: wɔ mmeae a mfutuma wɔ no, sɛ wode digrii 5 kosi 10 ka ho sen awo ntoatoaso a eye sen biara a, ɛma mfutuma bɔ ntɛmntɛm na bere kɔ so no, ɛsow pii. View Telecom Backup Power Selection