Ɔberɛfɛw da 15, afe 2020
Wɔ fiber nkitahodi ne photovoltaic nhyehyɛe mu no, biribiara gyina hann so. Sɛ́ ebia wobetumi agye sɛnkyerɛnne bi yiye no gyina tumi a wɔde hwɛ ade so koraa. Optical power meter (OPM) yɛ adwinnade titiriw a wɔde susuw optical signal ahoɔden — sɛ enni hɔ a, fiber link sɔhwɛ te sɛ nea wote nka sɛ wowɔ pulse wɔ sum mu.
Wɔ fiber nkitahodi ne photovoltaic nhyehyɛe mu no, nsɛnkyerɛnne a wɔde mena nyinaa gyina hann so. Na saa hann no ahoɔden na ɛkyerɛ tẽẽ sɛ ebia wobetumi agye sɛnkyerɛnne no yiye anaa. Optical power meter (OPM) yɛ adwinnade titiriw a wɔde susuw optical signal ahoɔden — sɛ enni hɔ a, fiber link sɔhwɛ te sɛ w’ani a wobɛkata wo ho na woasusuw ho.
Nnyinasosɛm titiriw no nyɛ den: photodetector (a mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ InGaAs anaa germanium photodiode) dannan aniwa so nsɛnkyerɛnne a ɛba no ma ɛbɛyɛ anyinam ahoɔden nsɛnkyerɛnne, na ɔmansin no dannan nea ɛwɔ hɔ no ma ɛbɛyɛ tumi akenkan a wɔda no adi wɔ dBm (decibel-milliwatts) anaa μW (microwatts) mu. dBm yɛ logarithmic unit: 0dBm = 1mW, -10dBm = 0.1mW, -30dBm = 0.001W. DBm boɔ ne sɛ ɛma akenkan kɔ so kenkan mpo berɛ a optical tumi spans orders of magnitude — fiber link a ɛwɔ 0dBm transmit power ne -25dBm receive power wɔ 25dB attenuation, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ tumi a ɛsua mpɛn 300 wɔ receiver no so, nanso wɔda no adi sɛ nɔma baako:
OPM no yɛ nea ɛho nhia sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ nea wopɛ efisɛ ɛsom nnwuma abiɛsa a wontumi ntew so. Nea edi kan no, ɛsusuw transmit-side output power de si so dua sɛ hann fibea no reyɛ adwuma wɔ spec mu. Nea ɛto so abien no, ɛsusuw tumi a wɔde hyɛ mu wɔ receive-side input de si so dua sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne no boro receiver no sensitivity threshold so. Nea ɛto so abiɛsa, sɛ woyi aba abien no fi mu a, ɛma link loss — metric biako a ɛho hia sen biara a wɔde bu fiber link su atɛn. Sɛ wɔka saa dwumadi abiɛsa yi bom a, ɛyɛ nipadua mu nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ wɔ nhama a ɛka bom biara ho.
Adwene a ɛnteɛ a wɔtaa nya ne sɛ OPM ahorow no yɛ nea wɔde yɛ nhwehwɛmu dan nkutoo. Nokwarem no, afuw mu mfiridwumayɛfo de di dwuma da biara — ma fiber backhaul gye a wogye tom wɔ telecom base stations, fiber nkitahodi sɔhwɛ wɔ data centers, ne fiber nkitahodi nkitahodi nhwehwɛmu wɔ PV adwumayɛbea ahorow. Wɔayɛ PK56A no titiriw ama afuw mu dwumadie, ɛkari pɛ wɔ aduruyɛdan mu-grade pɛpɛɛpɛ ne nsa a wɔde fa so.
Sɛ worepaw OPM a, parameters abiɛsa na ɛyɛ gyinaesi. Get any one wrong na sɔhwɛ no aba no nyɛ nokware.
Nea edi kan: asorɔkye tenten. Hann a ɛwɔ fiber mu nyɛ hann fitaa — ɛyɛ laser anaa LED hann a ɛwɔ asorɔkye tenten pɔtee bi mu. Fiber nkitahodi asorɔkye tenten a wɔtaa de di dwuma no bi ne 850nm (multimode), 1310nm (mode biako), 1550nm (mode biako), ne 1625nm (ma DWDM nhyehyɛe sɔhwɛ). Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ OPM no calibrated wɔ wavelength档位 a ɛfata efisɛ detector mmuae gu ahorow wɔ wavelength mu — detector koro no ara betumi ayɛ sensitive mmɔho abien wɔ 850nm sen 1550nm. Sɛ wode 850nm calibration curve no susuw 1550nm hann a, ebetumi ama akenkan agyae 20% anaa nea ɛboro saa. PK56A no boa asorɔkye tenten nhyehyɛe ason a ɛkata 850nm kosi 1625nm, a ɛne nkitahodi asorɔkye tenten a ɛyɛ pɛ hyia — asorɔkye tenten a ɛnsɛ biara nni hɔ a ɛsɛ sɛ wohaw wo ho wɔ afuw no mu.
Nea ɛto so abien: tumi a ɛkɔ akyiri. Range no na ɛkyerɛ sɛnea hann sɛnkyerɛnne bi mu yɛ den sɛnea OPM no betumi asusuw. Ɔkwan a ɛyɛ ketewaa dodo no de asiane ba sɛ ɛbɛsɛe detector no denam hann a ano yɛ den so; range a ɛsõ dodo ntumi nsusuw hann a ɛyɛ mmerɛw. Field sɔhwɛ optical tumi taa span -70dBm kosi +10dBm. -70dBm ne nkate anohyeto a ɛba fam a ɛwɔ agyefo dodow no ara mu; +10dBm ne hann fibea dodow no ara a ɛde ba kɛse. PK56A kwan no kata -70dBm kosi +10dBm, a ɛne afuw mu nsɛm dodow no ara hyia.
Nea ɛto so abiɛsa: pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ. Wɔtaa da OPM pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ adi sɛ ±0.1dB kosi ±0.3dB. ±0.1dB kyerɛ sɛ wɔ 2% mfomso — premium grade. ±0.3dB kyerɛ sɛ mfomsoɔ bɛyɛ 7% — ɛfata ma mfiridwuma mu agyedeɛ dodoɔ no ara. Pɛpɛɛpɛɛ ho hia ɛfiri sɛ sɛ OPM bi wɔ ±0.3dB pɛpɛɛpɛyɛ na engineering spec no hwehwɛ sɛ link loss error wɔ ±0.5dB mu a, OPM nko ara na ɛyɛ 60% wɔ mfomsoɔ sikasɛm nhyehyɛeɛ a wɔama ho kwan no mu, na ɛgya margin kakraa bi ma link no ankasa.
Na atetesɛm mu fiber sɔhwɛ no hwehwɛ sɛ wɔde mfiri pii di dwuma: OPM a wɔde hwehwɛ ahoɔden, kyerɛwdua a kanea kɔkɔɔ wom a wɔde kyerɛ baabi a mfomso wɔ, ne hann fibea a wɔde bɛhyɛ sɔhwɛ sɛnkyerɛnne mu. PK56A no ka abiɛsa no nyinaa bom yɛ nsa biako, na ne bo titiriw ne sɛ ɛbɛyɛ ne nyinaa wɔ biako mu.
PK56A no nipadua titiriw ne OPM a ɛboa asorɔkye tenten ason ne -70dBm kosi +10dBm kwan. Nea ɛka ho no, ɛwɔ hann kɔkɔɔ a wɔde ahyɛ mu (650nm) a ɛde hann kɔkɔɔ hyɛ fiber no mu denam FC/UPC anaa SC/UPC adapters so. Kanea kɔkɔɔ no di atirimpɔw bi a wɔde hwɛ ade ho dwuma: sɛ wɔde kanea kɔkɔɔ hyɛ nhama bi mu a, sɛ mfinimfini no abubu a, kanea kɔkɔɔ no pue wɔ bere a wɔabubu no mu na aniwa adagyaw betumi ahu. Eyi ho wɔ mfaso titiriw ma ɔhaw ahorow a wosiesie fiber jumpers — enhia sɛ wɔde OTDR (optical time domain reflectometer, afiri a ne bo yɛ yuan mpempem du du). PK56A biako pɛ na ɛkyerɛ ntɛm ara sɛ ebia obi a ohuruw ye anaa.
PK56A nso boa amansan fiber interfaces. FC, SC, ST, LC, ne interface ahorow afoforo no, wɔde adapters a wɔsakra no boa — enhia sɛ wɔde mfiri ahorow a ɛsono emu biara wɔ interface ahorow biara mu. Wɔ afuo mu no, nhyehyɛeɛ ahodoɔ de nkitahodiɛ ahodoɔ di dwuma — SC wɔ telecom, LC wɔ data centers, FC wɔ CATV — na PK56A no multi-interface mmoa kyerɛ sɛ afiri baako di nsɛm nyinaa ho dwuma.
Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, PK56A no de mfaso ka ho denam adwumayɛ a ɛnyɛ den so. Ne display kyerɛ dBm ne μW akenkan nyinaa bere koro mu, na ɛkyerɛ tẽẽ sɛ ebia sɔhwɛ no aba no wɔ spec mu (PASS / WARNING / FAIL) — manual table lookups biara nhia. Ɛkora sɔhwɛ mu aba so de toto abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm ho.
Wɔ afuw mu nhama sɔhwɛ adeyɛ mu no, mfomso pii a ɛsan ba no ma wɔhwere nneɛma a ɛho nhia. Sɛ yɛte wɔn ase a, esiw ɔhaw ankasa ano. Mfomso a edi kan ne sɛ worenhwɛ asorɔkye tenten nhyehyɛe no ansa na woasusuw. Sɛnea yɛaka ho asɛm no, OPM calibration curves gu ahorow wɔ asorɔkye tenten mu. Sɛ wode asorɔkye tenten a ɛnteɛ si hɔ档位 a, ɛma akenkan ahorow no gyae 10% kosi 20%. Afuom adwumayɛfoɔ bebree, sɛdeɛ ɛbɛyɛ a wɔbɛkora ɔhaw so no, de asorɔkye tenten档位 korɔ no ara di dwuma ma susudua nyinaa — yei tumi twe ne ho 10% kɔsi 20% berɛ a wɔresusu 1310nm ne 1550nm single-mode fiber.
Mfomso a ɛto so abien ne sɛ wobebu wɔn ani agu fiber awiei anim ahotew so. Mfutuma, ngo, anaa nsensanee a ɛwɔ fiber no awiei (connector end-face) no ma nneɛma a wɔde hyɛ mu no hwere na ɛdannan kɛse, na nea efi sɔhwɛ mu ba no betumi akyerɛ sɛ end-face efĩ no yɛ nea ɛnteɛ sɛ fiber link su ho haw ahorow. Ɔkwan tiawa a wobɛfa so ahwɛ wo ho: ansa na wobɛsɔ ahwɛ no, fa ahwehwɛ a ɛma nneɛma kɛse hwɛ n’awiei no. Sɛ ɛho agu fĩ a, fa nhama a wɔde tew nneɛma ho a wɔatu ho ama ne nsa a nsu nnim hohoro ho ansa na woasusuw. ‘Link loss exceeds spec’ huammɔdi pii siesie wɔn ho wɔ end-face cleaning akyi.
Mfomso a ɛto so abiɛsa ne sɛ wɔbɛsɔ nhama biako pɛ ahwɛ. Wɔ fiber link mu no, mpɛn pii no fiber abien na ɛwɔ hɔ — biako ma transmit (Tx), biako ma receive (Rx). Link loss betumi ayɛ soronko wɔ abien no ntam. Ebia biako pɛ a wobɛsɔ ahwɛ na wode aba awiei no bɛma ɔhaw ahorow a ɛwɔ ɔfoforo no ho no ayera. Ɔkwan a ɛteɛ ne sɛ wobɛsɔ abien no nyinaa ahwɛ na wode nsonsonoe a ɛwɔ adehwere mu no atoto ho. Sɛ nsonsonoe no boro 3dB a, ebia fiber biako benya bending, crushing, anaa termination nsɛm.
Mfomso a ɛto so anan ne sɛ wɔantumi ankyerɛw sɔhwɛ ho nsɛm. OPM data — de tumi kɔ, gye tumi, link a ɛyera — yɛ “akwahosan kyerɛwtohɔ” a ɛwɔ fiber link mu. Sɛ wɔankyerɛw data wɔ sɔhwɛ akyi a, sɛ daakye link ho haw ahorow sɔre a, ɔkwan biara nni hɔ a wɔbɛfa so ahu sɛ ebia “na eye kan” anaasɛ “na ɛwɔ ɔhaw ahorow kan.” Ɔkwan a ɛteɛ ne sɛ wobɛkyerɛw data nyinaa wɔ sɔhwɛ biara akyi, de asie denam link nɔma so, akyekye bere-toatoaso sɔhwɛ kyerɛwtohɔ.
Fiber sɔhwɛ a edi mũ kɔ akyiri sen tumi a wɔde susuw kɛkɛ. Ɛsɛ sɛ fiber link gye adwuma a edi mũ ka ho: transmit-side power test (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ hann fibea a ɛba no wɔ spec mu), receive-side power test (a ɛkyerɛ sɛ sɛnkyerɛnne no boro receiver sensitivity so), link loss akontaabu (yi abien no fi mu na wɔde toto design values ho), fiber end-face inspection (ahotew ne nokwaredi), ne red-light continuity verification (a wɔpow jumper mfomso ahorow ntɛmntɛm).
Sɛ wɔrepaw nnwinnade a wɔde sɔ nneɛma hwɛ a, ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛbo nkutoo na ɛkyerɛ. Afiri a wɔaka abom a ɛwɔ OPM ne kanea kɔkɔɔ fibea (te sɛ PK56A) no bo yɛ mmerɛw, wotumi de ho to so, na ennye bere pii koraa sen sɛ wobɛtɔ OPM ne kanea kɔkɔɔ kyerɛwdua wɔ ɔkwan soronko so. Mfiri te sɛ PK56A boɔ titire no nyɛ susudua pɛpɛɛpɛ — ɛyɛ tumi a ɛtumi wie fiber link assessment a ɛdi mũ wɔ simma 10 mu sen sɛ wobɛsoa mfiri mmiɛnsa, asesa interfaces mmiɛnsa, na woahwɛ pon mmiɛnsa.
Ɛsɛ sɛ adetɔfo nso hwɛ nsɛm nketenkete a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobebu wɔn ani agu so wɔ aguadi nneɛma mu: sɛ ebia mfiri no boa data a wɔde kɔ amannɔne (ma wɔde bɛka mfiridwuma sohwɛ nhyehyɛe ahorow ho); sɛ ebia fiber adapters kata interface ahorow a wɔde di dwuma wɔ afuw mu no so anaa; sɛ ebia wɔboa asorɔkye tenten (1625nm, ma DW nhyehyɛe out-of-band sɔhwɛ); ne sɛ ebia batere nkwa nna nyinaa hyia da mũ nyinaa a wɔde bedi dwuma wɔ afuw mu anaa. Saa nsɛm yi na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia mfiri no bɛyɛ nea wɔde di dwuma ankasa anaasɛ werɛ befi awiei wɔ drawer bi mu. View the PV Test Instruments Collection
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