Battery Testing Fundamentals: Capacity, Voltage, ne Internal Resistance — Nnɔmba Abiɛsa a Ɛka Asɛm no Nyinaa

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Ɔberɛfɛw da 8, afe 2020

Worentumi mfa nɔma biako mmu batere bi atɛn. Mfomso a ɛtaa ba ne sɛ wobegye adi sɛ ahoɔden a ɛkɔ soro kyerɛ batere a ɛwɔ apɔwmuden — batere a ɛte shelf so asram asia a ne ho yɛ den da so ara tumi kyerɛ ahoɔden a ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛyɛ open-circuit voltage bere a ne tumi a wotumi de di dwuma no so atew fã. Nea ɛne eyi bɔ abira no, batere dedaw a ɛwɔ kyinhyia mpempem pii betumi ada ahoɔden a wogye tom adi nanso ɛbɛhwe ase wɔ nea wɔatwa no ase wɔ adesoa ase. Saa nhwɛso abien yi kyerɛ sɛ akyinnye biara nni ho sɛ atemmu a wɔde parameter biako yɛ no ma wohu yare no yiye: ɛsɛ sɛ wɔbom susuw tumi, ahoɔden, ne emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no nyinaa ho.

Tumi, Voltage, ne Internal Resistance: Battery Akwahosan Ho Nneɛma Abiɛsa

Tumi kyerɛ wo ahoɔden dodow a battery no da so ara tumi sie, mpɛn pii no wɔda no adi wɔ ampere-hours (Ah) — charge a wɔde ma nyinaa wɔ standard discharge tebea horow mu. Capacity fade ne ade a ɛkyerɛ tẽẽ sen biara sɛ battery anyin. Battery a wɔahyɛ sɛ ɛyɛ 100Ah a ɛtumi de 70Ah nkutoo ma wɔ mfeɛ mmiɛnsa akyi no wɔ akwahosan tebea (SOH) a ɛyɛ 70%. Tumi sɔhwɛ hwehwɛ sɛ wɔtow gu koraa kɔ cutoff voltage no so, a egye bere kɛse — mpɛn pii no ɛnyɛ nea ɛfata ma da biara da nhwehwɛmu ntɛmntɛm, nanso ɛho hia ma sɔhwɛ a wɔde gye tom, afe afe nsiesie nhwehwɛmu, ne nkwa awiei ho gyinaesi.

Mfinimfini ahoɔden a ɛko tia no da impedance a ɛwɔ battery no mu adi, a wɔsusuw no miliohms (mΩ). Ɛwɔ nneɛma abiɛsa: polarization a ɛko tia (efi electrochemical reaction kinetics mu), ohmic a ɛko tia (efi electrode nneɛma a ɛko tia ne contact interfaces), ne electrolyte a ɛko tia. Batere foforo taa da emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia adi wɔ miliohm du du anaa nea ɛba fam. Bere a kyinhyia dodow kɔ soro na electrolyte so tew no, emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no kɔ soro nkakrankakra. Nhumu a ɛho hia ne sɛ emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia ne tumi a ɛyera nyɛ linear — ɔsɔretia no nsakra kakraa bi wɔ asetra fã a edi kan no mu, afei ɛkɔ ntɛmntɛm wɔ fã a etwa to no mu. Eduu bere a ɛda adi sɛ tumi a wɔde yɛ adwuma no so atew no, ebia na nea wɔko tia no abu abɔ ho abien anaa nea ɛboro saa dedaw. Eyi ma emu a wɔsɔre tia no yɛ nea eye ma kɔkɔbɔ a wɔde ma ntɛm sen sɛ wobebu atɛn a etwa to.

Voltage yɛ parameter a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara nanso ɛyɛ mmerɛw sɛ wɔbɛkenkan no yiye nso. Open-circuit voltage (OCV) kyerɛ charge tebea (SOC) nkutoo — ahoɔden dodow a aka — ɛnyɛ dodow a battery no betumi de ama ankasa. 12V lead-acid battery a ɛwɔ 12.6V no yɛ nea wɔahyɛ no ma koraa; wɔ 12.0V mu no ɛyɛ bɛyɛ 75% SOC; wɔ 11.4V bɛyɛ 25% SOC; wɔ 10.5V no ɛkame ayɛ sɛ ɛho ayɛ na. Nanso SOC ne SOH nyɛ ade koro — battery a ɛwɔ SOC a ɛkorɔn a ɛwɔ mu ahoɔden a ɛkorɔn no bɛkɔ fam wɔ adwumayɛ ahoɔden ase bere a wɔde adesoa no ahyɛ mu no, na mfiri no bɛto mu ɛmfa ho. Ɛsɛ sɛ wɔkyerɛ voltage ase bere nyinaa bom ne adesoa, denam adesoa sɔhwɛ anaa tumi sɔhwɛ so, ɛnam open-circuit voltage nkutoo so da.

Bere a Ɛsɛ sɛ Wɔde Tumi Sɔhwɛ Di Dwuma vs. Internal Resistance Testing

Dwumadi ahorow hwehwɛ sɛ wɔfa akwan horow a wɔfa so sɔ hwɛ, na ɔkwan a ɛnteɛ a wobɛpaw no sɛe bere na ebetumi ayera ɔhaw ankasa. Tumi a wɔsɔ hwɛ (fill discharge) ne sika kɔkɔɔ gyinapɛn a wɔde kyerɛ battery akwahosan, nanso ɛwɔ nneɛma abien a ɛsɛ sɛ wodi kan yɛ: ɛhwehwɛ sɛ wofi battery no mu koraa, a ɛkyerɛ sɛ wode intanɛt nhyehyɛe bi bɛkɔ offline; na egye bere tenten — 100Ah battery a wɔtow gu wɔ 5A hia nnɔnhwerew 20. Tumi sɔhwɛ fata ma: batere foforo a wogye tom, afe afe nsiesie ho nhwehwɛmu, nkwa awiei a wobesi ansa na wɔasesa batere, ne nhwehwɛmu a emu dɔ bere a wɔreyɛ mfomso nhwehwɛmu.

Nsɔhwɛ a wɔsɔre tia wɔ nipadua no mu no yɛ ntɛmntɛm, ɛnsɛe ade, na ebetumi ayɛ wɔ intanɛt so. Nsusuwii gye sikani kakraa bi pɛ, enhia sɛ woyi batere no mfi adwuma mu, na enhia sɛ wɔde adesoa a ɛbɛma wɔagyae mu. Eyi ma ɛyɛ nea eye ma nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ no daa: batere a wɔhwɛ ɔsram biara wɔ telecom base stations, nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ UPS batere sikakorabea ahorow a ɛko tia nneɛma a ɛwɔ mu no mu asram abiɛsa biara, ne data center backup battery ahorow a wɔhwehwɛ mu bere ne bere mu. Ɛdenam sɛ wɔde toto emu ahoɔden a ɛwɔ nkwammoaa ankorankoro mu wɔ battery ahama mu so no, wobetumi ahu nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw — sɛ nkwammoaa biako kyerɛ sɛ ɛko tia bɛboro 30% sen kuw no mu nkyekyem a, ɛfata sɛ wɔde adwene si so sɛ mpo ne bo a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ no da so ara wɔ spec mu a.

Ɔkwan a ɛwɔ ntam ne adesoa ahoɔden sɔhwɛ: adesoa a ɛyɛ bere tiaa, a ɛyɛ mmerɛw a wɔde di dwuma (mpɛn pii no ɛyɛ amps du du wɔ sikani kakraa bi kosi sikani du du) na wɔsusuw ahoɔden a ɛkɔ fam no. Eyi yɛ nea ɛma nsɛm pii sen open-circuit voltage nanso ɛyɛ ntɛmntɛm sen full capacity testing, na ɛma ɛfata ma field nhwehwɛmu a ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia battery betumi atra ase wɔ bere tiaa mu current surge no mu bere a mfiri afi ase no. PK59A storage battery tester no boa saa adesoa sɔhwɛ mode yi — battery yiyi biara nni hɔ na ɛho nhia sɛ wɔtrɛw mu.

PK59A: Parameters Abiɛsa a wɔde bɛka abom ayɛ no nsaanodwuma biako mu

Wɔde mfiri abiɛsa a ɛsono emu biara na edii dwuma wɔ atetesɛm mu batere sɔhwɛ mu: voltmeter a wɔde kyerɛ ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu, adwinnade a wɔde yi ahoɔden fi mu, ne mita a ɛko tia wɔ mu a ɛkyerɛ ahoɔden a ɛko tia. Ɔhaw ahorow no da adi pefee — mfiri pii, wiring a ɛyɛ den, data a enni abusuabɔ, ne nea efi mu ba a ɛyɛ den sɛ wɔbɛka abom. Na ɛsɛ sɛ afuw mu mfiridwumayɛfo kyerɛw akenkan ahorow abiɛsa a ɛsono emu biara, afei wɔde hyɛ nhyehyɛe bi mu wɔ adwumayɛbea hɔ bio. Mfomso biara a ɛwɔ saa nkɔnsɔnkɔnsɔn no mu — nkyerɛwee, data a wɔde hyɛ mu, anaa nkyerɛase — kyerɛ sɛ data no nhyia.

PK59A no de tumi, ahoɔden, ne emu ahoɔden a wɔde susuw nneɛma bom yɛ nsa biako a wɔde di dwuma. Ne core susudua kwan no de nhama anan (Kelvin) nkitahodi di dwuma de susuw emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia, na eyi nkɛntɛnso a sɔhwɛ kɔbere a ɛko tia nya no fi hɔ. A built-in standard discharge circuit ma wotumi de bere tiaa mu discharge verification of capacity bere a ɛho hia. Wɔnam ADC a ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ so na ɛyɛ voltage sample. Wɔda parameters abiɛsa no nyinaa adi wɔ screen koro so, nea efi mu ba no yɛ nea ɛne ne ho di nsɛ, na ɛho nhia sɛ wɔkyerɛw nsaano nkyerɛwee biara.

Wɔ nneyɛe mu no, PK59A no nam nsɛm a ɛyɛ fɛ so de mfaso ka ho. Ɛboa batere mu nnuru pii — lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-metal hydride — ne nyinaa a wotumi de adwinnade biako susuw, na ɛmma enhia sɛ wɔde nnwinnade a ɛfa nnuru pɔtee bi di dwuma ho. Ɛkora sɔhwɛ mu aba so de toto abakɔsɛm mu nsɛm ho. Ne nkyerɛkyerɛmu ma atemmu tẽẽ — PASS / WARNING / FAIL — sen sɛ ɛbɛyɛ akenkan a wɔanhyɛ da kɛkɛ, ma afuw mu adwumayɛfo susuw battery tebea ho wɔ animtiaabu mu. Ɛsan nso wɔ ɔhyew a wɔde tua ho ka a ɛyɛ adwuma ankasa, a ɛteɛ akenkan a ɛwɔ mmeae a ɛhɔ yɛ hyew kɛse anaa nea ɛba fam mu sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ a tebea horow a atwa yɛn ho ahyia no renkyinkyim nea efi mu ba no.

Mfomso Anan a Wɔtaa Di wɔ Afuw mu Sɔhwɛ mu

Wɔ afuw mu batere sɔhwɛ adeyɛ mu no, mfomso pii a ɛsan ba no ma wɔhwere nneɛma a ɛho nhia. Sɛ yɛte wɔn ase a, esiw ɔhaw ankasa ano. Mfomso a edi kan ne sɛ wobɛsusuw voltage a enni emu resistance. Sɛnea yɛaka ho asɛm no, voltage da SOC nkutoo adi, na ɛnyɛ battery akwahosan ankasa. Nsiesie adwumayɛfo a wɔasua sɛ wɔde wɔn ho bɛto voltage so — a wosusuw sɛ normal voltage kyerɛ battery pa — kɔ so de battery a ne mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no yɛ kɛse dedaw no yɛ adwuma, kosi sɛ mfiri no bedi huammɔ wɔ bere a ɛho hia mu.

Mfomso a ɛto so abien ne sɛ wobebu wɔn ani agu battery string consistency so. Batere hama ye te sɛ ne nkwammoaa a ɛyɛ mmerɛw sen biara no ara pɛ. Sɛ emu resistance gu ahorow kɛse wɔ nkwammoaa mu a, ahama no bɛkɔ fam ase cutoff voltage bere a high-current discharge esiane barrel nkɛntɛnso no nti, sɛ mpo ankorankoro nkwammoaa biara wɔ spec mu wɔ absolute resistance. Sɛ woresɔ ahama bi ahwɛ a, susuw nkwammoaa a wɔaboaboa ano ne nkwammoaa ankorankoro biara nyinaa bere nyinaa, na hwɛ nkwammoaa a wɔn ahoɔden a wɔko tia no twe ne ho bɛboro 30% fi kuw no mu nkyekyem no so yiye.

Mfomso a ɛto so abiɛsa ne sɛ wɔantumi ankyerɛw nsɛm a wɔde ama no na wɔanhwehwɛ mu. Field adwumayɛfo pii wie sɔhwɛ bi, kenkan nɔma ahorow no, na wofi hɔ — data no nkɔ nsiesie nhyehyɛe no mu da. Edu sɔhwɛ kyinhyia a edi hɔ no, ɔkwan biara nni hɔ a wobɛfa so ahu nea ɛsakrae wɔ bere no mu. Ɔkwan a ɛteɛ ne sɛ wɔbɛkyerɛw emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia ne ahoɔden a ɛwɔ mu wɔ sɔhwɛ biara akyi, na wɔayɛ akwahosan ho kyerɛwtohɔ a ɛfa bere nhyehyɛe ho ama nkwammoaa biara. Sɛ nkwammoaa bi da no adi sɛ ahoɔden a ɛko tia no kɔ soro ntɛmntɛm a, ɛsɛ sɛ wɔyɛ nhyehyɛe sɛ wɔbɛsesa ansa na adi nkogu.

Mfomso a ɛto so anan ne sɛ wobebu wɔn ani agu ɔhyew a atwa yɛn ho ahyia so nkɛntɛnso so. Battery no mu ahoɔden a ɛko tia ne ne tumi nyinaa gyina ɔhyew so denneennen. Wɔ lead-acid battery ho no, 10°C biara a ɛkɔ soro no ma emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no so tew bɛyɛ 30% na ɛma tumi a ɛwɔ mu no kɔ soro bɛyɛ 10%; nea ɛne no bɔ abira no si wɔ ɔhyew a ɛba fam mu. Sɛ wɔantua ɔhyew ho ka a, akenkan a wɔde gyina ano a wɔfaa wɔ mmere ahorow mu no nyɛ nea wɔde toto ho. PK59A ɔhyew akatua afã no wɔ hɔ titiriw sɛ wɔde bedi ɔhaw yi ho dwuma.

Afotu a mfaso wɔ so ma Akuw a Wɔhwɛ Nneɛma So ne Wɔn a Wɔtɔ

Batere a wosiesie no yiye no kɔ akyiri sen ahoɔden a wɔde susuw ahoɔden kɛkɛ. Ɛsɛ sɛ sɔhwɛ adwuma a edi mũ no bi ne: batere foforo a wogye tom ho sɔhwɛ (a ɛsi so dua sɛ SOH a edi kan no yɛ 100%), nhwehwɛmu a wɔyɛ wɔ emu bere ne bere mu wɔ ɔsom adwuma mu (asram abiɛsa biara ma wɔde di dwuma wɔ ɔkwan a ɛkɔ akyiri so, ɔsram biara ma telecom base stations), afe afe tumi a wɔhwɛ wɔ baabiara (a wɔma nkwammoaa 20% fi mu koraa), ne nhwehwɛmu a wɔama anya nkɔso wɔ mmeae a anyinam ahoɔden taa twa.

Sɛ wɔrepaw nnwinnade a wɔde sɔ nneɛma hwɛ a, ɛnsɛ sɛ ɛbo nkutoo na ɛkyerɛ. Afiri biako a wɔaka abom a ɛsusuw tumi, ahoɔden, ne emu ahoɔden a ɛko tia no bo yɛ mmerɛw, wotumi de ho to so, na ennye bere pii koraa sen mfiri abiɛsa a ɛyɛ adwuma biako. Botae titiriw a ɛwɔ afiri te sɛ PK59A so no nyɛ susudua pɛpɛɛpɛ kɛkɛ — ɛyɛ tumi a wɔde wie battery nhwehwɛmu a edi mũ wɔ simma anum mu sen sɛ wɔde nnɔnhwerew abien bɛyɛ wiring, discharging, ne data transcription.

Ɛsɛ sɛ adetɔfo nso hwɛ nsɛm nketenkete a ɛnyɛ den sɛ wobebu wɔn ani agu so wɔ aguadi nneɛma mu: sɛ ebia afiri no boa data a wɔde kɔ amannɔne ma wɔde bɛka abom ne nsiesie nhyehyɛe no; sɛ ebia battery clips no fa terminal ahorow ahorow a wohu wɔ afuw no mu; sɛ ebia wɔboa intanɛt so (no-remove) sɔhwɛ; ne sɛ ebia warranty ne calibration services no fata — sɔhwɛ nnwinnade ankasa hwehwɛ sɛ wɔyɛ calibration bere ne bere mu. Saa nsɛm yi na ɛkyerɛ sɛ ebia mfiri no bɛyɛ nea wɔde di dwuma ankasa anaasɛ werɛ befi awiei wɔ drawer bi mu. View the Battery Test Instruments Collection